Typy referencyjne dopuszczające null (świadomość) i adnotacje (wzorce z C# 6)

using System;

public static class Greeter
{
  // Contract: name must not be null (C# 6 has no string? to enforce)
  public static string Hello(string name)
  {
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name"); // guard
    return "Hello " + name.ToUpper(); // safe after guard
  }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    Console.WriteLine(Greeter.Hello("Ada"));
    try
    {
      Console.WriteLine(Greeter.Hello(null)); // will throw (by design)
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
      Console.WriteLine("Caught: " + ex.GetType().Name);
    }
  }
}

using System;

public static class Require
{
  // Works for reference types; returns the validated value
  public static T NotNull<T>(T value, string name) where T : class
  {
    if (value == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(name);
    return value;
  }
}

public sealed class Email
{
  public string Address { get; private set; }

  public Email(string address)
  {
    Address = Require.NotNull(address, "address").Trim();
  }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    Email e = new Email("user@mail.com");
    Console.WriteLine(e.Address);
  }
}

using System;

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    int x = 5;              // value type (non-nullable)
    int? maybe = null;      // Nullable<T> works for value types
    Console.WriteLine("x=" + x);
    Console.WriteLine("maybe has value? " + maybe.HasValue);
    Console.WriteLine("maybe or default: " + (maybe ?? -1));
  }
}

using System;

/// <summary>
/// Parses "key=value" and returns the value part.
/// Returns null if the format is invalid.
/// </summary>
public static class Parser
{
  // Explicitly document when null can be returned.
  public static string TryGetValue(string line)
  {
    if (line == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("line");
    int idx = line.IndexOf("=");
    if (idx < 0 || idx == line.Length - 1) return null; // documented nullable return
    return line.Substring(idx + 1);
  }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    Console.WriteLine(Parser.TryGetValue("a=1"));
    Console.WriteLine(Parser.TryGetValue("oops")); // prints nothing (null)
  }
}