this en toString/equals/hashCode

public class Main {
  // Simple Person class to demo this, toString, equals, hashCode
  static class Person {
    private int id;
    private String name;

    // Constructor uses this to set fields
    Person(int id, String name) {
      this.id = id;       // this.id refers to the field
      this.name = name;   // name comes from the parameter
    }

    // Human friendly string
    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return "Person{id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "}";
    }

    // Logical equality: same id and same name
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
      if (this == o) return true;                 // same reference
      if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
      Person other = (Person) o;
      if (this.id != other.id) return false;
      // Compare names safely (null aware)
      if (this.name == null) return other.name == null;
      return this.name.equals(other.name);
    }

    // Hash code consistent with equals
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
      int result = Integer.hashCode(id);
      result = 31 * result + (name == null ? 0 : name.hashCode());
      return result;
    }
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // Create two persons with the same content
    Person a = new Person(1, "Ada");
    Person b = new Person(1, "Ada");

    // toString shows readable info
    System.out.println(a);

    // equals compares content, not memory address
    System.out.println("a == b ? " + (a == b));           // false (different objects)
    System.out.println("a.equals(b) ? " + a.equals(b));   // true (same content)

    // hashCode must match for equal objects (useful in hash collections)
    System.out.println("hash(a) = " + a.hashCode());
    System.out.println("hash(b) = " + b.hashCode());

    // Example with HashSet: contains works because equals and hashCode agree
    java.util.Set<Person> set = new java.util.HashSet<>();
    set.add(a);
    System.out.println("set contains b ? " + set.contains(b)); // true
  }
}