Mencipta Pengecualian Tersuai

<?php
class ValidationException extends \Exception
{
    private array $errors;

    public function __construct(array $errors, string $message = '', int $code = 0)
    {
        $this->errors = $errors;
        parent::__construct($message ?: implode(', ', $errors), $code);
    }

    public function getErrors(): array
    {
        return $this->errors;
    }
}

<?php
function createUser(array $data): void {
    $errors = [];
    if (empty($data['email'])) $errors[] = 'Email required';
    if (empty($data['name']))  $errors[] = 'Name required';

    if ($errors) {
        throw new ValidationException($errors);
    }
    // save user...
}

try {
    createUser([]);
} catch (ValidationException $e) {
    foreach ($e->getErrors() as $err) {
        echo '- ' . $err . PHP_EOL;
    }
}

<?php
// Base exception for your app
class AppException extends \RuntimeException {}

// Domain-specific exceptions
class NotFoundException extends AppException {}
class AuthException extends AppException {}
class PaymentException extends AppException {}

// Specific payment errors
class InsufficientFundsException extends PaymentException {
    public function __construct(public readonly float $balance, public readonly float $required) {
        parent::__construct("Insufficient funds: have $balance, need $required");
    }
}

<?php
try {
    processPayment($order);
} catch (InsufficientFundsException $e) {
    echo 'Low balance: need ' . $e->required;
} catch (PaymentException $e) {
    echo 'Payment failed: ' . $e->getMessage();
} catch (AppException $e) {
    echo 'App error: ' . $e->getMessage();
} catch (\Throwable $e) {
    // Last resort
    error_log($e);
}

<?php
class HttpException extends \RuntimeException
{
    public function __construct(
        private int    $statusCode,
        string         $message = '',
        ?\Throwable    $previous = null
    ) {
        parent::__construct($message, $statusCode, $previous);
    }

    public function getStatusCode(): int
    {
        return $this->statusCode;
    }
}

<?php
try {
    $user = findUserById($id);
    if (!$user) throw new HttpException(404, 'User not found');
    if (!$user->canAccess($resource)) {
        throw new HttpException(403, 'Access denied');
    }
} catch (HttpException $e) {
    http_response_code($e->getStatusCode());
    echo json_encode(['error' => $e->getMessage()]);
}

<?php
interface UserFacingException
{
    public function getUserMessage(): string;
}

class ValidationException extends \Exception implements UserFacingException
{
    public function getUserMessage(): string
    {
        return 'Please check your input: ' . $this->getMessage();
    }
}

// In controller:
catch (UserFacingException $e) {
    echo $e->getUserMessage();
}

<?php
class OrderException extends \RuntimeException
{
    public static function notFound(int $id): self
    {
        return new self("Order #$id not found", 404);
    }

    public static function alreadyShipped(int $id): self
    {
        return new self("Order #$id already shipped", 409);
    }
}

throw OrderException::notFound($orderId);

<?php
function exceptionToArray(\Throwable $e): array {
    return [
        'type'    => get_class($e),
        'message' => $e->getMessage(),
        'code'    => $e->getCode(),
        'file'    => $e->getFile(),
        'line'    => $e->getLine(),
        'trace'   => $e->getTraceAsString(),
        'previous' => $e->getPrevious()
            ? exceptionToArray($e->getPrevious())
            : null,
    ];
}