Operator Titik Bertindih untuk Julat Integer

# Negative range
neg_range <- -3:3
cat('-3 to 3:', neg_range, '
')

# Range crossing zero
cross_zero <- -5:5
cat('-5 to 5:', cross_zero, '
')

# Single value
cat('5:5 =', 5:5, '
')

# Decimal start (step is still 1)
cat('1.5:5.5 =', 1.5:5.5, '
')

# Compare 1:n vs seq_len(n) when n = 0
n <- 0
cat('1:0 produces:', 1:n, '(length', length(1:n), ') -- DANGEROUS
')
cat('seq_len(0):', seq_len(n), '(length', length(seq_len(n)), ') -- SAFE
')

# Correct use in a loop
my_vector <- c()  # empty
for (i in seq_len(length(my_vector))) {
  cat('This will not execute
')
}
cat('Loop over empty vector is safe with seq_len
')

cities <- c('Tokyo', 'Delhi', 'Shanghai', 'Dhaka', 'Cairo')

# seq_along gives indices 1 to length
cat('Indices:', seq_along(cities), '
')

# Use in loop to access both index and value
for (i in seq_along(cities)) {
  cat(i, ':', cities[i], '
')
}

temperatures <- c(18.5, 21.0, 23.4, 19.8, 25.1, 22.7, 17.3, 20.0)

# Extract a slice (elements 3 to 6)
midweek <- temperatures[3:6]
cat('Midweek temps:', midweek, '
')

# Last 3 elements
n <- length(temperatures)
cat('Last 3:', temperatures[(n-2):n], '
')

words <- c('data', 'science', 'with', 'R')
n <- length(words)

# Manual reverse using colon
reversed_idx <- n:1
reversed_words <- words[reversed_idx]
cat('Original:', words, '
')
cat('Reversed:', reversed_words, '
')

# Or simply:
cat('Using rev():', rev(words), '
')

# Create a simple test dataset
student_ids <- 101:110
exam_scores <- (1:10) * 8 + 20  # scores: 28, 36, 44, ...

cat('Student IDs:', student_ids, '
')
cat('Exam scores:', exam_scores, '
')
cat('Mean score:', mean(exam_scores), '
')
cat('Passing count:', sum(exam_scores >= 60), '
')

n <- 5

# These look similar but produce different results
cat('1:n-1 =', 1:n - 1, '
')   # (1:5)-1 = 0 1 2 3 4
cat('1:(n-1) =', 1:(n - 1), '
') # 1:4 = 1 2 3 4

# Practical: skip last element
v <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
cat('All but last:', v[1:(length(v) - 1)], '
')

data_vals <- c(5, 12, 3, 8, 15, 7, 20, 1, 9, 11)

# Select first 3 and last 3
first_and_last <- data_vals[c(1:3, 8:10)]
cat('First 3 and last 3:', first_and_last, '
')

# Skip middle: take 1:3 and 7:10
outer <- data_vals[c(1:3, 7:10)]
cat('Outer elements:', outer, '
')

# All three in action
x <- c(100, 200, 300, 400, 500)
cat('1:5         :', 1:5, '
')
cat('seq_len(5)  :', seq_len(5), '
')
cat('seq_along(x):', seq_along(x), '
')
cat('x[2:4]      :', x[2:4], '
')

# Safe loop pattern with seq_along
months <- c('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May')
days <- c(31, 28, 31, 30, 31)

for (i in seq_along(months)) {
  cat(months[i], ':', days[i], 'days
')
}