Penaipan Naik/Turun dan instanceof

public class Main {
  static class Animal {
    void speak() { System.out.println("Animal sound"); }
  }
  static class Dog extends Animal {
    void speak() { System.out.println("Woof"); }
    void fetch() { System.out.println("Fetch!"); }
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // Upcasting: Dog stored in an Animal reference (safe, automatic)
    Animal a = new Dog();
    a.speak();  // calls Dog's speak() due to dynamic binding

    // a.fetch(); // Not allowed: reference is Animal, which does not declare fetch
    System.out.println("Upcasting hides Dog-only methods from the reference type.");
  }
}

public class Main {
  static class Animal { void speak() { System.out.println("Animal sound"); } }
  static class Dog extends Animal { void speak() { System.out.println("Woof"); } void fetch() { System.out.println("Fetch!"); } }
  static class Cat extends Animal { void speak() { System.out.println("Meow"); } }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Animal a1 = new Dog();
    Animal a2 = new Cat();

    // Safe downcast using instanceof
    if (a1 instanceof Dog) {
      Dog d = (Dog) a1;
      d.fetch(); // OK
    }

    if (a2 instanceof Dog) {
      Dog d2 = (Dog) a2; // will not run
      d2.fetch();
    } else {
      System.out.println("a2 is not a Dog, skip casting.");
    }
  }
}

public class Main {
  static class Animal { void speak() { System.out.println("Animal"); } }
  static class Dog extends Animal { void fetch() { System.out.println("Fetch!"); } }
  static class Cat extends Animal { }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Animal a = new Cat();

    // Bad: direct cast (would throw at runtime)
    // Dog dBad = (Dog) a; // ClassCastException if uncommented

    // Good: check first
    if (a instanceof Dog) {
      Dog d = (Dog) a;
      d.fetch();
    } else {
      System.out.println("Not a Dog; skipping cast.");
    }
  }
}