StringBuilder untuk Penggabungan Cekap

// Inefficient: creates a new String every iteration
String result = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
    result += i + ","; // 1000 new String objects!
}

// Efficient: StringBuilder uses a resizable char buffer
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
    sb.append(i).append(',');
}
String efficient = sb.toString(); // one final String created

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");

sb.append(", World");     // Hello, World
sb.insert(5, "!");        // Hello!, World
sb.delete(5, 6);           // Hello, World
sb.replace(7, 12, "Java"); // Hello, Java
sb.reverse();               // avaJ ,olleH
sb.reverse();               // Hello, Java

System.out.println(sb);         // Hello, Java
System.out.println(sb.length()); // 11
System.out.println(sb.charAt(0)); // H

StringBuilder html = new StringBuilder()
    .append("<div class=\"card\">")
    .append("<h2>").append("Product Title").append("</h2>")
    .append("<p>Price: $").append(String.format("%.2f", 29.99)).append("</p>")
    .append("<button>Add to Cart</button>")
    .append("</div>");

System.out.println(html.toString());

// Default capacity: 16 chars
StringBuilder small = new StringBuilder();

// Pre-sized: 10 items * ~50 chars each
StringBuilder report = new StringBuilder(500);

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
    report.append(String.format("%-3d. Record %04d: processed OK%n", i, i));
}

System.out.println(report.toString().substring(0, 30));
// "  1. Record 0001: processed OK"

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello, World!");

sb.deleteCharAt(5);     // removes comma: "Hello World!"
sb.delete(5, 6);         // removes space: "HelloWorld!"

System.out.println(sb); // HelloWorld!

// Replace to fix a typo
StringBuilder typo = new StringBuilder("Helo, Java!");
typo.replace(typo.indexOf("Helo"), typo.indexOf("Helo") + 4, "Hello");
System.out.println(typo); // Hello, Java!

import java.util.List;

static String toCsv(List<String> values) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    for (int i = 0; i < values.size(); i++) {
        if (i > 0) sb.append(',');
        sb.append(escapeCsv(values.get(i)));
    }
    return sb.toString();
}

static String escapeCsv(String s) {
    if (s.contains(",") || s.contains("\""))
        return "\"" + s.replace("\"", "\"\"") + "\"";
    return s;
}

System.out.println(toCsv(List.of("Alice", "Smith, Jr.", "30")));
// Alice,"Smith, Jr.",30

import java.util.StringJoiner;

StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(", ", "[", "]");
sj.add("Alice");
sj.add("Bob");
sj.add("Charlie");
System.out.println(sj.toString()); // [Alice, Bob, Charlie]

// Equivalent with String.join
String joined = String.join(", ", "Alice", "Bob", "Charlie");
System.out.println(joined); // Alice, Bob, Charlie

// Streams: collect with joining collector
import java.util.stream.*;
List.of("a", "b", "c").stream()
    .collect(Collectors.joining(", ", "(", ")"));
// (a, b, c)

// StringBuffer: thread-safe but slower (synchronized methods)
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
buf.append("Thread-safe");
buf.append(" but slow");

// StringBuilder: not thread-safe but faster
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append("Fast");
sb.append(" single-threaded");

// When to use StringBuffer:
// - Multiple threads write to the same buffer
// - Almost always a design smell — redesign to avoid sharing

static boolean isPalindrome(String s) {
    String cleaned = s.toLowerCase()
        .replaceAll("[^a-z0-9]", ""); // remove non-alphanumeric
    String reversed = new StringBuilder(cleaned).reverse().toString();
    return cleaned.equals(reversed);
}

System.out.println(isPalindrome("A man, a plan, a canal: Panama")); // true
System.out.println(isPalindrome("race a car"));                      // false
System.out.println(isPalindrome("Was it a car or a cat I saw?"));    // true

static String buildQuery(String category, Double minPrice, Double maxPrice) {
    StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder("SELECT * FROM products WHERE 1=1");
    if (category != null)
        sql.append(" AND category = '" + category + "'");
    if (minPrice != null)
        sql.append(" AND price >= ").append(minPrice);
    if (maxPrice != null)
        sql.append(" AND price <= ").append(maxPrice);
    sql.append(" ORDER BY name");
    return sql.toString();
}

System.out.println(buildQuery("Electronics", 50.0, null));
// SELECT * FROM products WHERE 1=1 AND category = 'Electronics' AND price >= 50.0 ORDER BY name