Medan Statik dan Pemalar

class Counter {
    private static int totalCount = 0;  // shared across all instances
    private int instanceId;              // unique per instance

    Counter() {
        totalCount++;
        instanceId = totalCount;
    }

    static int getTotalCount() { return totalCount; }
    int getInstanceId()        { return instanceId; }
}

Counter c1 = new Counter();
Counter c2 = new Counter();
Counter c3 = new Counter();

System.out.println(Counter.getTotalCount()); // 3
System.out.println(c1.getInstanceId());       // 1
System.out.println(c3.getInstanceId());       // 3

class MathConstants {
    public static final double PI      = 3.141592653589793;
    public static final double E       = 2.718281828459045;
    public static final double GOLDEN  = 1.618033988749895;
    public static final int    PRIMES[] = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13};
}

// Access without an instance
System.out.println(MathConstants.PI);

// Constants on domain classes
class HttpStatus {
    public static final int OK        = 200;
    public static final int NOT_FOUND = 404;
    public static final int SERVER_ERR = 500;
}

import java.util.*;

class Config {
    public static final Map<String, String> DEFAULTS;

    static {
        Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put("timeout",  "30");
        map.put("maxRetry", "3");
        map.put("logLevel", "INFO");
        DEFAULTS = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);
    }
}

System.out.println(Config.DEFAULTS.get("timeout")); // 30

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;

class Order {
    private static final AtomicLong ID_SEQUENCE = new AtomicLong(1000);

    private final long id;
    private final String item;

    Order(String item) {
        this.id   = ID_SEQUENCE.getAndIncrement();
        this.item = item;
    }

    long getId()   { return id; }
    String getItem() { return item; }
}

Order o1 = new Order("Laptop");
Order o2 = new Order("Mouse");
System.out.println(o1.getId()); // 1000
System.out.println(o2.getId()); // 1001

class DatabasePool {
    private static volatile DatabasePool instance;
    private final int maxConnections;

    private DatabasePool() { this.maxConnections = 20; }

    public static DatabasePool getInstance() {
        if (instance == null) {
            synchronized (DatabasePool.class) {
                if (instance == null)
                    instance = new DatabasePool();
            }
        }
        return instance;
    }

    public int getMaxConnections() { return maxConnections; }
}

System.out.println(DatabasePool.getInstance().getMaxConnections()); // 20

import static java.lang.Math.PI;
import static java.lang.Math.sqrt;
import static java.lang.Math.pow;

// Without import static: Math.PI * Math.pow(r, 2)
double radius = 5.0;
double area = PI * pow(radius, 2);
System.out.printf("Area: %.2f%n", area); // 78.54

// Caution: overuse of static imports hurts readability
// Acceptable for: Math.*, Assert.* in tests, TimeUnit

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;

class RequestMetrics {
    private static final AtomicLong requestCount  = new AtomicLong(0);
    private static final AtomicLong totalLatencyMs = new AtomicLong(0);

    public static void record(long latencyMs) {
        requestCount.incrementAndGet();
        totalLatencyMs.addAndGet(latencyMs);
    }

    public static double averageLatency() {
        long count = requestCount.get();
        return count == 0 ? 0 : (double) totalLatencyMs.get() / count;
    }
}
RequestMetrics.record(45);
RequestMetrics.record(120);
System.out.println(RequestMetrics.averageLatency()); // 82.5

// BAD: mutable static state
class GlobalConfig {
    public static String environment = "dev"; // mutable global!
}
// Any code anywhere can change GlobalConfig.environment
// Very hard to test, unexpected interactions

// BETTER: immutable constant
class GlobalConfig2 {
    public static final String ENVIRONMENT =
        System.getenv().getOrDefault("APP_ENV", "dev");
}

// BEST: inject via constructor (dependency injection)
class Service {
    private final String environment;
    Service(String environment) { this.environment = environment; }
}

// BAD: constant interface — pollutes the namespace of implementing classes
interface FinancialConstants {
    double TAX_RATE = 0.08;  // implicitly public static final
}

// GOOD: utility class for constants
final class FinancialConstants2 {
    private FinancialConstants2() {} // prevent instantiation

    public static final double TAX_RATE  = 0.08;
    public static final double VAT_RATE  = 0.20;
    public static final int    MAX_ITEMS = 100;
}
System.out.println(FinancialConstants2.TAX_RATE); // 0.08

class Features {
    public static final boolean ENABLE_ANALYTICS   = true;
    public static final boolean ENABLE_AI_SEARCH    = false;
    public static final boolean DEBUG_MODE          =
        "true".equals(System.getenv("DEBUG"));
}

// The JIT eliminates this if-block when ENABLE_AI_SEARCH is false:
if (Features.ENABLE_AI_SEARCH) {
    System.out.println("Running AI search...");
}

if (Features.DEBUG_MODE) {
    System.out.println("[DEBUG] Request received");
}