파일 권한과 소유권

$ ls -la /etc/passwd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2847 Jan 10 10:00 /etc/passwd
# -  = regular file
# rw- = owner (root) can read+write
# r-- = group can read only
# r-- = others can read only

# rwxr-xr-- = 754
# rw-rw-r-- = 664 (world-readable, group-writable)
# rwx------ = 700 (private executable)

$ chmod 755 script.sh      # rwxr-xr-x
$ chmod u+x script.sh      # add execute for owner
$ chmod o-r secret.txt     # remove read for others
$ chmod 600 id_rsa         # SSH key: owner read/write only

$ chown user:group file.txt
$ chown root:root /etc/shadow
$ chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/

$ ls -la /usr/bin/passwd
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 68208 /usr/bin/passwd
# The "s" in owner execute position = SUID
# This runs as root regardless of who calls it

$ find / -perm -4000 -type f 2>/dev/null
/usr/bin/passwd
/usr/bin/sudo
/usr/bin/pkexec
/bin/mount

$ ls -la /etc/shadow
-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 1423 Jan 10 /etc/shadow
# Only root and the shadow group can read this

$ umask
0022
$ touch newfile
$ ls -la newfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 0 newfile  # 666 - 022 = 644

$ getfacl /var/www/html/
# file: var/www/html/
# owner: root
# group: www-data
user::rwx
group::r-x
other::r-x

$ chattr +i /etc/passwd   # make immutable
$ lsattr /etc/passwd
----i--------e-- /etc/passwd
$ chattr -i /etc/passwd   # remove immutability