レジリエンス：サーキットブレーカーとリトライ

<?php
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
use GuzzleHttp\Client;

$http = new Client([
    'connect_timeout' => 0.5, // fail fast if we can't even connect
    'timeout'         => 2.0, // hard cap on the whole call
]);
// A hung dependency now fails in 2s instead of holding a worker forever.

<?php
function backoffDelay(int $attempt, float $base = 0.1, float $cap = 5.0): float {
    $exp = min($cap, $base * (2 ** $attempt));   // 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, ...
    return mt_rand(0, (int)($exp * 1000)) / 1000; // full jitter: 0..exp
}
for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
    printf("attempt %d -> wait %.3fs\n", $i, backoffDelay($i));
}

<?php
function withRetry(callable $op, int $maxAttempts = 4): mixed {
    $attempt = 0;
    while (true) {
        try {
            return $op();
        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
            $attempt++;
            if ($attempt >= $maxAttempts || !isRetryable($e)) {
                throw $e; // give up
            }
            usleep((int)(backoffDelay($attempt) * 1_000_000));
        }
    }
}
function isRetryable(\Throwable $e): bool { return $e->getCode() === 0 || $e->getCode() >= 500; }
function backoffDelay(int $a): float { return min(5.0, 0.1 * (2 ** $a)) * (mt_rand(0, 100) / 100); }

<?php
final class CircuitBreaker {
    public function __construct(
        private int $threshold = 5,
        private int $coolDown = 30, // seconds
    ) {}

    public function call(callable $op, array &$state): mixed {
        if ($state['status'] === 'open') {
            if (time() - $state['openedAt'] < $this->coolDown) {
                throw new \RuntimeException('Circuit open - failing fast');
            }
            $state['status'] = 'half-open'; // time to probe
        }
        try {
            $result = $op();
            $state = ['status' => 'closed', 'failures' => 0]; // recovered
            return $result;
        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
            $state['failures'] = ($state['failures'] ?? 0) + 1;
            if ($state['failures'] >= $this->threshold || $state['status'] === 'half-open') {
                $state['status'] = 'open';
                $state['openedAt'] = time();
            }
            throw $e;
        }
    }
}

<?php
function getRecommendations(callable $remoteCall, Redis $cache, string $userId): array {
    try {
        $recs = $remoteCall($userId);
        $cache->setex("recs:$userId", 3600, json_encode($recs));
        return $recs;
    } catch (\Throwable $e) {
        // Fallback 1: last-known-good from cache
        if ($cached = $cache->get("recs:$userId")) {
            return json_decode($cached, true);
        }
        // Fallback 2: generic popular items - never block the page
        return ['popular-1', 'popular-2'];
    }
}

<?php
function chargeWithRetry(callable $http, string $orderId, int $cents): array {
    // Same key across all retries of THIS logical charge
    $key = 'charge-' . $orderId;
    return withRetry(fn() => $http('POST', '/charges', [
        'headers' => ['Idempotency-Key' => $key],
        'json'    => ['order' => $orderId, 'amount' => $cents],
    ]));
}
function withRetry(callable $op) { return $op(); } // see earlier scene