Tipi primitivi, union e alias di tipo

let score: number = 0;
const greeting: string = 'Hello';
let active: boolean = true;
let data: null = null;
let placeholder: undefined;

// Inferred (no annotation needed):
const pi = 3.14;  // TypeScript knows this is number

function greet(name: string): string {
  return `Hello, ${name}`;
}

function double(n: number): number {
  return n * 2;
}

function toggle(active: boolean): boolean {
  return !active;
}

const names: string[] = ['Alice', 'Bob'];
const scores: number[] = [98, 87, 72];
const flags: boolean[] = [true, false, true];

// Generic syntax:
const items: Array<string> = ['a', 'b'];

function formatId(id: number | string): string {
  if (typeof id === 'number') {
    return `#${id.toString().padStart(6, '0')}`; // id is narrowed to number
  }
  return id.toUpperCase(); // id is narrowed to string
}

type Direction = 'north' | 'south' | 'east' | 'west';
type Status = 'pending' | 'active' | 'cancelled';
type DiceRoll = 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6;

function move(dir: Direction) { /* ... */ }
move('north'); // OK
move('up');    // Error: Argument not assignable

type UserId = string | number;
type RGB = [number, number, number]; // tuple
type Callback = (event: MouseEvent) => void;

const userId: UserId = 42;
const red: RGB = [255, 0, 0];
const handler: Callback = (e) => console.log(e.type);

type User = {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  email: string;
  role?: 'admin' | 'user'; // optional
  readonly createdAt: Date; // can't reassign
};

const user: User = {
  id: 1,
  name: 'Alice',
  email: 'alice@example.com',
  createdAt: new Date()
};

type Timestamped = {
  createdAt: Date;
  updatedAt: Date;
};
type UserWithTimestamp = User & Timestamped;
// Has all User properties AND createdAt/updatedAt

let data: any = fetch('/api/data'); // no type checking
data.foo.bar.baz; // no error — and no protection

// Better: use 'unknown' and narrow it:
let raw: unknown = getExternalData();
if (typeof raw === 'string') {
  console.log(raw.toUpperCase()); // narrowed
}

type Point = [number, number];
const origin: Point = [0, 0];
const p: Point = [3, 4];

// React useState returns a tuple:
const [count, setCount] = useState<number>(0);