Tipe bergaya Result/Either

export type Ok<T>  = { ok: true;  value: T }
export type Err<E> = { ok: false; error: E }
export type Result<T, E> = Ok<T> | Err<E>

export const ok = <T>(value: T): Ok<T> => ({ ok: true, value })
export const err = <E>(error: E): Err<E> => ({ ok: false, error })

export function map<T, E, U>(r: Result<T, E>, f: (t: T) => U): Result<U, E> {
  return r.ok ? ok(f(r.value)) : r
}
export function flatMap<T, E, U>(r: Result<T, E>, f: (t: T) => Result<U, E>): Result<U, E> {
  return r.ok ? f(r.value) : r
}
export function mapError<T, E, F>(r: Result<T, E>, g: (e: E) => F): Result<T, F> {
  return r.ok ? r : err(g(r.error))
}

export type CreateUserError =
  | { tag: "InvalidEmail"; detail?: string }
  | { tag: "Duplicate"; email: string }

export function validateEmail(email: string): Result<string, CreateUserError> {
  const okEmail = /.+@.+/.test(email)
  return okEmail ? ok(email.toLowerCase()) : err({ tag: "InvalidEmail", detail: "bad format" })
}

const existing = new Set(["ada@example.com"]) // pretend DB
export function saveUser(email: string): Result<{ id: string }, CreateUserError> {
  if (existing.has(email)) return err({ tag: "Duplicate", email })
  return ok({ id: Math.random().toString(36).slice(2) })
}

export function createUser(flowEmail: string) {
  return flatMap(validateEmail(flowEmail), email => saveUser(email))
}

// Use
const r = createUser("Ada@example.com")
if (r.ok) {
  console.log("id:", r.value.id)
} else {
  switch (r.error.tag) {
    case "InvalidEmail": console.error("invalid email:", r.error.detail); break
    case "Duplicate": console.error("already used:", r.error.email); break
    default: ((x: never) => x)(r.error) // exhaustiveness
  }
}

export async function fromPromise<T>(p: Promise<T>): Promise<Result<T, { tag: "Exception"; message: string }>> {
  try { return ok(await p) }
  catch (e) { return err({ tag: "Exception", message: e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e) }) }
}

// Example: wrap a fetch
export async function fetchJson<T>(url: string): Promise<Result<T, { tag: "Exception"; message: string }>> {
  return fromPromise(fetch(url).then(r => r.json() as T))
}