पैरामीटरयुक्त क्वेरी

name = 'Alice'
# Unsafe pattern - do NOT do this
query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '" + name + "'"
print(query)

name = "x' OR '1'='1"
query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '" + name + "'"
print(query)
print('The OR clause makes every row match!')

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)')
cur.execute('INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)', ('Alice',))
cur.execute('SELECT * FROM users')
print(cur.fetchall())
conn.close()

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)')
cur.execute('INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)', ('Bob', 25))
cur.execute('SELECT * FROM users')
print(cur.fetchall())
conn.close()

good = ('Alice',)
bad = ('Alice')
print(type(good), type(bad))

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)')
cur.execute('INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)', ('Alice',))
evil = "x' OR '1'='1"
cur.execute('SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?', (evil,))
print('Rows matched:', cur.fetchall())
conn.close()

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)')
cur.execute('INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (:n, :a)', {'n': 'Carol', 'a': 40})
cur.execute('SELECT * FROM users')
print(cur.fetchall())
conn.close()

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)')
cur.execute('INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)', ('Alice', 30))
cur.execute('INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)', ('Bob', 25))
cur.execute('SELECT name FROM users WHERE age > ?', (28,))
print(cur.fetchall())
conn.close()

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)')
rows = [('Alice',), ('Bob',), ('Carol',)]
cur.executemany('INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)', rows)
cur.execute('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users')
print(cur.fetchone())
conn.close()

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)')
allowed = {'name', 'id'}
col = 'name'
if col in allowed:
    cur.execute('SELECT ' + col + ' FROM users')
    print('Safe column query ran')
conn.close()

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)')

def add_user(cursor, name):
    cursor.execute('INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)', (name,))

add_user(cur, 'Dave')
cur.execute('SELECT * FROM users')
print(cur.fetchall())
conn.close()