NumPy ऐरे और dtypes

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(arr)          # [1 2 3 4 5]
print(arr * 2)      # [ 2  4  6  8 10]   (no Python loop)

import numpy as np

print(np.zeros((2, 3)))     # 2x3 array of 0.0
print(np.ones(5))           # [1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
print(np.arange(0, 10, 2))  # [0 2 4 6 8]
print(np.linspace(0, 1, 5)) # [0.   0.25 0.5  0.75 1.  ]

import numpy as np

a = np.array([1, 2, 3])           # int64 by default
b = np.array([1.0, 2.0])          # float64
c = np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.float32)

print(a.dtype)  # int64
print(c.dtype)  # float32

import numpy as np

m = np.ones((3, 4))
print(m.shape)   # (3, 4)
print(m.ndim)    # 2
print(m.size)    # 12
print(m.dtype)   # float64

import numpy as np

arr = np.arange(12)
mat = arr.reshape(3, 4)
print(mat)
# [[ 0  1  2  3]
#  [ 4  5  6  7]
#  [ 8  9 10 11]]
print(mat.flatten())   # [ 0  1  2  3 ...]

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
float_arr = arr.astype(np.float64)
print(float_arr)   # [1. 2. 3.]
print(float_arr.dtype)   # float64

import numpy as np

rng = np.random.default_rng(seed=42)   # reproducible
print(rng.random(5))         # 5 uniform [0,1)
print(rng.standard_normal(3)) # 3 normal(0,1)
print(rng.integers(1, 10, 4)) # 4 ints [1,10)

import numpy as np

arr = np.zeros(1_000_000, dtype=np.float64)
print(arr.itemsize)   # 8
print(arr.nbytes)     # 8_000_000 (8 MB)

small = arr.astype(np.float32)
print(small.nbytes)   # 4_000_000 (4 MB)

import numpy as np

e = np.empty((2,3))          # uninitialised — random garbage values
f = np.full((2,3), fill_value=7)
print(f)
# [[7 7 7]
#  [7 7 7]]

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
view = arr[1:3]
view[0] = 99
print(arr)    # [ 1 99  3  4]  — original changed!

copy = arr[1:3].copy()
copy[0] = 0
print(arr)    # unchanged

import numpy as np

dt = np.dtype([('name', 'U10'), ('age', np.int32), ('score', np.float64)])
people = np.array([
    ('Alice', 30, 95.5),
    ('Bob',   25, 87.3),
], dtype=dt)
print(people['name'])   # ['Alice' 'Bob']