क्लास और __init__ विधि

class Dog:
    pass

fido = Dog()
print(type(fido))  # <class '__main__.Dog'>

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, breed):
        self.name = name
        self.breed = breed

fido = Dog("Fido", "Labrador")
print(fido.name)   # Fido

class Counter:
    def __init__(self):
        self.count = 0

    def increment(self):
        self.count += 1

c = Counter()
c.increment()
print(c.count)  # 1

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

p1 = Point(1, 2)
p2 = Point(5, 7)
print(p1.x, p2.x)  # 1 5

class Circle:
    def __init__(self, radius=1.0):
        self.radius = radius

c1 = Circle()
c2 = Circle(5)
print(c1.radius, c2.radius)  # 1.0 5

class Rectangle:
    def __init__(self, w, h):
        self.w = w
        self.h = h

    def area(self):
        return self.w * self.h

r = Rectangle(4, 5)
print(r.area())  # 20

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

p = Person("Alice")
p.age = 30      # added after creation
print(p.name, p.age)

class Broken:
    def __init__(self):
        return 42   # TypeError!

# Correct
class OK:
    def __init__(self):
        self.value = 42
        # implicit return None

class Animal:
    pass

class Dog(Animal):
    pass

d = Dog()
print(isinstance(d, Dog))     # True
print(isinstance(d, Animal))  # True

class Book:
    def __init__(self, title, pages):
        self.title = title
        self.pages = pages

b = Book("Python 101", 300)
print(b.__dict__)  # {'title': 'Python 101', 'pages': 300}

class Config:
    def __init__(self):
        self.debug = True
        self.version = "1.0"

cfg = Config()
del cfg.debug
print(hasattr(cfg, "debug"))  # False