अपवाद उठाना और उन्हें अनुकूलित करना

raise ArgumentError, 'Invalid argument provided!'

begin
  raise ZeroDivisionError, 'Cannot divide by zero!'
rescue ZeroDivisionError => e
  puts "Error caught: #{e.message}"
end

class CustomError < StandardError
end

raise CustomError, 'This is a custom error!'

class CustomError < StandardError
  def initialize(msg = 'Something went wrong')
    super(msg)
  end
end

raise CustomError.new('Custom error message!')

begin
  raise 'An unexpected error!'
rescue => e
  puts "Logging error: #{e.message}"
  raise
end

class FileNotFoundError < StandardError; end
class PermissionDeniedError < StandardError; end

raise FileNotFoundError, 'File not found!'