sf पैकेज से सरल फीचर

library(sf)
nc <- read_sf(system.file('shape/nc.shp', package = 'sf'))

# Geometry type for each feature
types <- st_geometry_type(nc)
cat('Unique types:', unique(as.character(types)), '\n')

# The geometry column
geom_col <- st_geometry(nc)
cat('Geometry class:', class(geom_col), '\n')
cat('First geometry:\n')
print(geom_col[[1]])  # MULTIPOLYGON coordinates

# Access as a normal column
nc$area_est <- st_area(nc)  # adds an area column
cat('\nArea column class:', class(nc$area_est), '\n')

library(sf)

# Create simple point features
pts <- st_sfc(
  st_point(c(-80.0, 35.0)),
  st_point(c(-79.5, 35.5)),
  st_point(c(-79.0, 34.8))
)
pts_sf <- st_sf(id = 1:3, geometry = pts)

# Extract coordinates
coords <- st_coordinates(pts_sf)
cat('Coordinates:\n')
print(coords)

# For polygons: includes part (L1) and polygon (L2) columns
nc <- read_sf(system.file('shape/nc.shp', package = 'sf'))
ring_coords <- st_coordinates(nc[1, ])
cat('Polygon ring vertices:', nrow(ring_coords), '\n')
cat('Column names:', colnames(ring_coords), '\n')

library(sf)

# Typical scenario: CSV with lon/lat columns
cities <- data.frame(
  name = c('New York', 'Los Angeles', 'Chicago', 'Houston'),
  lon  = c(-74.006, -118.244, -87.629, -95.369),
  lat  = c(40.713,   34.052,   41.878,  29.760),
  pop  = c(8336817, 3979576, 2693976, 2304580)
)

# Convert to sf
cities_sf <- st_as_sf(
  cities,
  coords = c('lon', 'lat'),
  crs    = 4326
)

print(cities_sf)
cat('\nCRS:', st_crs(cities_sf)$epsg, '(WGS84)\n')

library(sf)

# POINT
p <- st_point(c(-74.006, 40.713))
cat('Point:', class(p), '\n')

# LINESTRING: a route with 4 waypoints
route_coords <- matrix(
  c(-74.0, 40.7,
    -75.0, 41.0,
    -76.0, 41.5,
    -77.0, 42.0),
  ncol = 2, byrow = TRUE
)
line <- st_linestring(route_coords)
cat('Linestring length:', st_length(line), '\n')  # in degrees (no CRS yet)

# POLYGON: a simple bounding box
bbox_ring <- matrix(
  c(0,0, 1,0, 1,1, 0,1, 0,0),
  ncol = 2, byrow = TRUE
)
poly <- st_polygon(list(bbox_ring))
cat('Polygon area:', st_area(poly), '\n')

library(sf)
nc <- read_sf(system.file('shape/nc.shp', package = 'sf'))

# Plot all attributes (creates a panel per column)
# plot(nc)  # too many panels

# Plot a single attribute
plot(nc['BIR74'],
     main   = 'North Carolina: Births 1974',
     border = 'white',
     lwd    = 0.5)

# Plot geometry only
plot(st_geometry(nc),
     col    = 'lightblue',
     border = 'gray40',
     main   = 'NC Counties')

library(sf)
library(dplyr)

nc <- read_sf(system.file('shape/nc.shp', package = 'sf'))

# Base R subsetting
western_nc <- nc[nc$CNTY_ID < 1830, ]
cat('Western counties:', nrow(western_nc), '\n')

# dplyr filter works identically
high_birth <- nc |>
  filter(BIR74 > 3000) |>
  select(NAME, BIR74, geometry)

cat('High-birth counties:', nrow(high_birth), '\n')
cat('Names:', paste(high_birth$NAME[1:3], collapse = ', '), '...\n')

library(sf)
library(ggplot2)

nc <- read_sf(system.file('shape/nc.shp', package = 'sf'))

# Choropleth map with ggplot2
ggplot(nc) +
  geom_sf(aes(fill = BIR74), color = 'white', lwd = 0.2) +
  scale_fill_viridis_c(
    option = 'plasma',
    name   = 'Births (1974)'
  ) +
  labs(
    title    = 'North Carolina Birth Counts, 1974',
    subtitle = 'County-level data'
  ) +
  theme_minimal()

library(sf)

nc <- read_sf(system.file('shape/nc.shp', package = 'sf'))

# Write to GeoPackage
out_path <- tempfile(fileext = '.gpkg')
write_sf(nc, out_path)

cat('Written to:', out_path, '\n')
cat('File size:', file.info(out_path)$size / 1024, 'KB\n')

# Round-trip: read back
nc_rt <- read_sf(out_path)
cat('Round-trip features:', nrow(nc_rt), '\n')
cat('Round-trip CRS match:', identical(st_crs(nc), st_crs(nc_rt)), '\n')

library(sf)
nc <- read_sf(system.file('shape/nc.shp', package = 'sf'))

# Bounding box
bbox <- st_bbox(nc)
cat('Bounding box:\n')
cat('  xmin:', bbox['xmin'], ' xmax:', bbox['xmax'], '\n')
cat('  ymin:', bbox['ymin'], ' ymax:', bbox['ymax'], '\n')

# CRS
crs_info <- st_crs(nc)
cat('\nEPSG:', crs_info$epsg, '\n')
cat('Proj4:', crs_info$proj4string, '\n')

# Attribute summary
cat('\nBIR74 range:',
    range(nc$BIR74)[1], 'to',
    range(nc$BIR74)[2], '\n')

library(sf)

# Quick sf workflow
nc <- read_sf(system.file('shape/nc.shp', package = 'sf'))
cat('Features:', nrow(nc), '\n')
cat('CRS EPSG:', st_crs(nc)$epsg, '\n')
cat('Geom type:', unique(as.character(st_geometry_type(nc))), '\n')
cat('Bbox xmin:', st_bbox(nc)['xmin'], '\n')