तालिकाएँ और लिंक स्क्रैप करना

library(rvest)
html <- read_html('
  <table>
    <tr><th>Product Name</th><th>Price (USD)</th><th>In Stock?</th></tr>
    <tr><td>  Widget A  </td><td>$12.50</td><td>Yes</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Gadget B</td><td>$7.99</td><td>No</td></tr>
  </table>
')
df <- html_table(html_element(html, 'table'))

# Clean column names
names(df) <- c('product', 'price', 'in_stock')

# Strip whitespace and dollar signs
df$product  <- trimws(df$product)
df$price    <- as.numeric(gsub('[$]', '', df$price))
df$in_stock <- df$in_stock == 'Yes'
print(df)

library(rvest)
html <- read_html('
  <div>
    <a href="/about">About Us</a>
    <a href="/products">Products</a>
    <a href="https://partner.com" rel="external">Partner</a>
    <a>No href link</a>
  </div>
')
# Get all anchor elements
anchors <- html_elements(html, 'a')

# Extract text and href
link_text <- html_text2(anchors)
link_href <- html_attr(anchors, 'href')

data.frame(text = link_text, href = link_href)
# Note: last row has NA href

library(rvest)
html <- read_html('
  <div>
    <a href="/article/1">Article One</a>
    <a href="/article/2">Article Two</a>
    <a href="#top">Back to top</a>
    <a href="javascript:void(0)">JS link</a>
    <a href="/article/3">Article Three</a>
  </div>
')
anchors <- html_elements(html, 'a')
hrefs <- html_attr(anchors, 'href')
texts <- html_text2(anchors)

# Keep only article links
article_idx <- grepl('^/article/', hrefs) & !is.na(hrefs)
article_links <- data.frame(
  text = texts[article_idx],
  href = hrefs[article_idx]
)
print(article_links)

library(rvest)
base_url <- 'https://books.toscrape.com'

html <- read_html('
  <ul>
    <li><a href="/catalogue/book1">Book One</a></li>
    <li><a href="/catalogue/book2">Book Two</a></li>
    <li><a href="https://external.com/book">External</a></li>
  </ul>
')
hrefs <- html_attr(html_elements(html, 'a'), 'href')

# xml2::url_absolute resolves relative + keeps absolute
abs_urls <- xml2::url_absolute(hrefs, base = base_url)
abs_urls
# 'https://books.toscrape.com/catalogue/book1'
# 'https://books.toscrape.com/catalogue/book2'
# 'https://external.com/book'  <- kept as-is

library(rvest)
html <- read_html('
  <nav class="breadcrumb">
    <a href="/">Home</a> > <a href="/books">Books</a>
  </nav>
  <ul class="products">
    <li><a href="/books/1" class="prod-link">Clean Code</a></li>
    <li><a href="/books/2" class="prod-link">Refactoring</a></li>
  </ul>
  <footer>
    <a href="/privacy">Privacy</a>
  </footer>
')
# Target ONLY product links (not nav or footer)
prod_links <- html_elements(html, 'ul.products a.prod-link')
data.frame(
  title = html_text2(prod_links),
  url   = html_attr(prod_links, 'href')
)

library(rvest)
html <- read_html('
  <table class="results">
    <tr><th>Book</th><th>Author</th></tr>
    <tr>
      <td><a href="/b/1">Clean Code</a></td>
      <td>Robert Martin</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><a href="/b/2">Refactoring</a></td>
      <td>Martin Fowler</td>
    </tr>
  </table>
')
# Get text from table
df <- html_table(html_element(html, 'table'))

# Get links embedded in first column
links <- html_attr(html_elements(html, 'table td a'), 'href')
df$url <- links
print(df)

library(rvest)
html <- read_html('
  <table>
    <tr><th>Name</th><th>Score</th><th>Grade</th></tr>
    <tr><td>Alice</td><td>95</td><td>A</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Bob</td><td>80</td></tr>
  </table>
')
# Without fill=TRUE this may error on uneven rows
df <- html_table(html_element(html, 'table'), fill = TRUE)
print(df)
# Name  Score Grade
# Alice    95     A
# Bob      80  <NA>

# fill=TRUE is safe even when rows are uniform
is.na(df[2, 'Grade'])  # TRUE

library(rvest)
html <- read_html('
  <div class="gallery">
    <img src="/img/photo1.jpg" alt="Sunset">
    <img src="/img/photo2.jpg" alt="Mountains">
    <img data-src="/img/lazy.jpg" class="lazy" alt="Lake">
  </div>
')
# Regular images
images <- html_elements(html, 'img')
srcs  <- html_attr(images, 'src')
alts  <- html_attr(images, 'alt')

data.frame(alt = alts, src = srcs)
# For lazy-loaded images check data-src
lazy_src <- html_attr(html_element(html, '.lazy'), 'data-src')
lazy_src  # '/img/lazy.jpg'

library(rvest)
html <- read_html('
  <table>
    <tr><th>Product</th><th>Price</th></tr>
    <tr><td>Widget</td><td>9.99</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Gadget</td><td>14.50</td></tr>
  </table>
')
df <- html_table(html_element(html, 'table'))

# Add metadata
df$scraped_at <- Sys.time()
df$source_url <- 'https://example.com/products'

# Save to CSV
# write.csv(df, 'products.csv', row.names = FALSE)
print(df)
cat('Data ready for analysis or storage')

library(rvest)
# Table scraping pattern:
# tables <- html_table(html_elements(page, 'table'))
# df <- tables[[1]]

# Link scraping pattern:
# links <- html_elements(page, 'a[href]')
# data.frame(
#   text = html_text2(links),
#   url  = xml2::url_absolute(
#            html_attr(links, 'href'),
#            base = base_url
#          )
# )

# Combine: scrape table text AND embedded link URLs
cat('Tables + links = most of what the web offers')