xgboost से ग्रेडिएंट बूस्टिंग

params <- list(
  objective  = 'reg:squarederror',
  eta        = 0.1,     # learning rate
  max_depth  = 6,       # tree depth
  subsample  = 0.8,     # row subsampling
  colsample_bytree = 0.8  # column subsampling
)

set.seed(42)
model <- xgboost(
  data    = dtrain,
  params  = params,
  nrounds = 100,
  verbose = 0
)

cat('Model trained with', model$niter, 'rounds')

watchlist <- list(train = dtrain, eval = dtest)

model <- xgb.train(
  params    = params,
  data      = dtrain,
  nrounds   = 200,
  watchlist = watchlist,
  verbose   = 1
)

# The log shows train-rmse and eval-rmse per round
# Watch for eval-rmse increasing (overfitting signal)

model <- xgb.train(
  params              = params,
  data                = dtrain,
  nrounds             = 1000,      # max rounds
  watchlist           = list(train = dtrain, eval = dtest),
  early_stopping_rounds = 20,      # stop if no improvement
  print_every_n       = 50,
  verbose             = 1
)

cat('Best iteration:', model$best_iteration)
cat('Best eval RMSE:', model$best_score)

# Binary classification example
library(MASS)
Pima <- MASS::Pima.tr

X_cl <- as.matrix(Pima[, -8])
y_cl <- as.numeric(Pima$type) - 1  # factor to 0/1

dt_cl <- xgb.DMatrix(data = X_cl, label = y_cl)

mod_cl <- xgboost(
  data       = dt_cl,
  objective  = 'binary:logistic',
  eval_metric = 'auc',
  eta        = 0.05,
  max_depth  = 4,
  nrounds    = 100,
  verbose    = 0
)

# Regression predictions
reg_preds <- predict(model, dtest)
rmse <- sqrt(mean((reg_preds - y_test)^2))
cat('Test RMSE:', round(rmse, 3))

# Classification predictions
prob_preds  <- predict(mod_cl, dt_cl)
class_preds <- ifelse(prob_preds > 0.5, 1, 0)
accuracy <- mean(class_preds == y_cl)
cat('Training Accuracy:', round(accuracy, 3))

cv_result <- xgb.cv(
  params    = params,
  data      = dtrain,
  nrounds   = 200,
  nfold     = 5,
  early_stopping_rounds = 15,
  print_every_n = 20,
  verbose   = 1
)

# Best nrounds from CV
best_nrounds <- cv_result$best_iteration
cat('Optimal nrounds:', best_nrounds)

# CV RMSE at best iteration
cat('CV RMSE:', cv_result$evaluation_log[best_nrounds, 'test_rmse_mean'][[1]])

params_tuned <- list(
  objective         = 'reg:squarederror',
  eta               = 0.05,
  max_depth         = 5,
  subsample         = 0.75,
  colsample_bytree  = 0.75,
  lambda            = 1.0,    # L2 regularization
  alpha             = 0.1,    # L1 regularization
  min_child_weight  = 3       # min samples in leaf
)

model_tuned <- xgboost(
  data = dtrain, params = params_tuned,
  nrounds = best_nrounds, verbose = 0
)

# Save model
xgb.save(model, '/tmp/xgb_boston.xgb')

# Reload and predict
loaded_model <- xgb.load('/tmp/xgb_boston.xgb')
new_preds <- predict(loaded_model, dtest)

# Verify predictions match
all.equal(reg_preds, new_preds)  # TRUE

X_mc <- as.matrix(iris[, -5])
y_mc <- as.integer(iris$Species) - 1  # 0, 1, 2

dt_mc <- xgb.DMatrix(data = X_mc, label = y_mc)

params_mc <- list(
  objective  = 'multi:softprob',
  num_class  = 3,
  eta        = 0.1,
  max_depth  = 3
)

mod_mc <- xgboost(
  data = dt_mc, params = params_mc,
  nrounds = 50, verbose = 0
)

# Predictions: matrix of shape (n, num_class)
prob_matrix <- matrix(predict(mod_mc, dt_mc), ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE)
head(prob_matrix)

# Production XGBoost pipeline
dtrain <- xgb.DMatrix(data = X_train, label = y_train)
dtest  <- xgb.DMatrix(data = X_test,  label = y_test)

params <- list(objective = 'reg:squarederror',
               eta = 0.05, max_depth = 5, subsample = 0.8)

cv  <- xgb.cv(params, dtrain, nrounds = 500, nfold = 5,
              early_stopping_rounds = 20, verbose = 0)

model <- xgboost(data = dtrain, params = params,
                 nrounds = cv$best_iteration, verbose = 0)

preds <- predict(model, dtest)
cat('RMSE:', sqrt(mean((preds - y_test)^2)))