Records का परिचय

record Point(double x, double y) {}

Point p = new Point(3.0, 4.0);
System.out.println(p.x());      // 3.0 (accessor, not getX())
System.out.println(p.y());      // 4.0
System.out.println(p);          // Point[x=3.0, y=4.0]
System.out.println(p.equals(new Point(3.0, 4.0))); // true

record Product(String name, double price, int stock) {}

Product p1 = new Product("Widget", 9.99, 100);
Product p2 = new Product("Widget", 9.99, 100);

System.out.println(p1.name());          // Widget
System.out.println(p1.price());         // 9.99
System.out.println(p1.equals(p2));      // true (structural)
System.out.println(p1.hashCode() == p2.hashCode()); // true
System.out.println(p1);                 // Product[name=Widget, price=9.99, stock=100]

record Money(long cents, String currency) {}

Money price = new Money(999, "USD");
// price.cents = 500; // Compile error — final field!

// To "update" a record, create a new one
Money discounted = new Money(price.cents() - 100, price.currency());
System.out.println(discounted); // Money[cents=899, currency=USD]

interface Describable { String describe(); }

record Circle(double radius) implements Describable {
    public String describe() {
        return String.format("Circle with radius %.1f", radius);
    }

    public double area() {
        return Math.PI * radius * radius;
    }
}

Circle c = new Circle(5.0);
System.out.println(c.describe()); // Circle with radius 5.0
System.out.printf("Area: %.2f%n", c.area()); // Area: 78.54

import java.util.*;

record Coordinate(int row, int col) {}

Map<Coordinate, String> grid = new HashMap<>();
grid.put(new Coordinate(0, 0), "Origin");
grid.put(new Coordinate(1, 2), "Target");

// Lookup with equal-valued record works correctly
System.out.println(grid.get(new Coordinate(0, 0))); // Origin
System.out.println(grid.get(new Coordinate(1, 2))); // Target

Set<Coordinate> visited = new HashSet<>();
visited.add(new Coordinate(3, 3));
System.out.println(visited.contains(new Coordinate(3, 3))); // true

record CreateUserRequest(String email, String displayName, String plan) {}

record UserResponse(long id, String email, String displayName,
                    String plan, String createdAt) {}

// Simulating a service call
static UserResponse createUser(CreateUserRequest req) {
    long id = 42L;
    return new UserResponse(id, req.email(), req.displayName(),
        req.plan(), java.time.Instant.now().toString());
}

CreateUserRequest req = new CreateUserRequest("alice@example.com", "Alice", "PRO");
UserResponse resp = createUser(req);
System.out.println(resp);

sealed interface Shape permits Circle, Rectangle, Triangle {}
record Circle(double radius) implements Shape {}
record Rectangle(double width, double height) implements Shape {}
record Triangle(double base, double height) implements Shape {}

static double area(Shape s) {
    return switch (s) {
        case Circle(double r)            -> Math.PI * r * r;
        case Rectangle(double w, double h) -> w * h;
        case Triangle(double b, double h) -> 0.5 * b * h;
    };
}

System.out.printf("%.2f%n", area(new Circle(5)));         // 78.54
System.out.printf("%.2f%n", area(new Rectangle(4, 6)));   // 24.00

// With Jackson (add @JsonProperty if needed)
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;

record OrderSummary(String orderId, double total, String status) {}

ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
OrderSummary order = new OrderSummary("ORD-001", 149.99, "SHIPPED");

String json = mapper.writeValueAsString(order);
System.out.println(json);
// {"orderId":"ORD-001","total":149.99,"status":"SHIPPED"}

OrderSummary restored = mapper.readValue(json, OrderSummary.class);
System.out.println(order.equals(restored)); // true

record Address(String street, String city, String country) {}
record Customer(long id, String name, Address address) {}

Address addr = new Address("123 Main St", "New York", "US");
Customer customer = new Customer(1L, "Alice", addr);

System.out.println(customer.name());              // Alice
System.out.println(customer.address().city());   // New York
System.out.println(customer);                    // Customer[id=1, name=Alice, address=Address[street=123 Main St, city=New York, country=US]]

// Records CAN have static fields and methods
record Temperature(double celsius) {
    static final double ABSOLUTE_ZERO = -273.15;

    public double toFahrenheit() {
        return celsius * 9.0/5.0 + 32;
    }

    public static Temperature fromFahrenheit(double f) {
        return new Temperature((f - 32) * 5.0/9.0);
    }
}
System.out.println(Temperature.fromFahrenheit(98.6)); // Temperature[celsius=37.0]