Kahn का एल्गोरिदम: BFS टोपोलॉजिकल सॉर्ट

from collections import deque, defaultdict

def compute_in_degree(n, edges):
    in_degree = [0] * n
    graph = defaultdict(list)
    for u, v in edges:
        graph[u].append(v)
        in_degree[v] += 1
    return graph, in_degree

graph, ind = compute_in_degree(4, [(0,1),(0,2),(1,3),(2,3)])
print('In-degrees:', ind)  # [0, 1, 1, 2]

from collections import deque, defaultdict

def kahn_topological_sort(n, edges):
    graph = defaultdict(list)
    in_degree = [0] * n
    for u, v in edges:
        graph[u].append(v)
        in_degree[v] += 1
    
    queue = deque(i for i in range(n) if in_degree[i] == 0)
    order = []
    
    while queue:
        node = queue.popleft()
        order.append(node)
        for nxt in graph[node]:
            in_degree[nxt] -= 1
            if in_degree[nxt] == 0:
                queue.append(nxt)
    
    if len(order) == n:
        return order   # valid topological sort
    return []          # cycle detected

print(kahn_topological_sort(4, [(0,1),(0,2),(1,3),(2,3)]))

# Cyclic graph: 0->1->2->0
edges_cycle = [(0,1),(1,2),(2,0)]
result = kahn_topological_sort(3, edges_cycle)
print(result)  # [] (cycle detected)

# Acyclic graph
edges_dag = [(0,1),(1,2)]
result = kahn_topological_sort(3, edges_dag)
print(result)  # [0, 1, 2]

import heapq
from collections import defaultdict

def kahn_lex_order(n, edges):
    graph = defaultdict(list)
    in_degree = [0] * n
    for u, v in edges:
        graph[u].append(v)
        in_degree[v] += 1
    
    heap = [i for i in range(n) if in_degree[i] == 0]
    heapq.heapify(heap)
    order = []
    
    while heap:
        node = heapq.heappop(heap)
        order.append(node)
        for nxt in graph[node]:
            in_degree[nxt] -= 1
            if in_degree[nxt] == 0:
                heapq.heappush(heap, nxt)
    
    return order if len(order) == n else []

print(kahn_lex_order(6, [(5,2),(5,0),(4,0),(4,1),(2,3),(3,1)]))

from collections import deque, defaultdict

def canFinish(numCourses, prerequisites):
    graph = defaultdict(list)
    in_degree = [0] * numCourses
    for a, b in prerequisites:   # b must be taken before a
        graph[b].append(a)
        in_degree[a] += 1
    
    queue = deque(i for i in range(numCourses) if in_degree[i] == 0)
    count = 0
    while queue:
        node = queue.popleft()
        count += 1
        for nxt in graph[node]:
            in_degree[nxt] -= 1
            if in_degree[nxt] == 0:
                queue.append(nxt)
    
    return count == numCourses

print(canFinish(2, [[1,0]]))       # True
print(canFinish(2, [[1,0],[0,1]])) # False (cycle)

from collections import deque, defaultdict

def findOrder(numCourses, prerequisites):
    graph = defaultdict(list)
    in_degree = [0] * numCourses
    for a, b in prerequisites:
        graph[b].append(a)
        in_degree[a] += 1
    
    queue = deque(i for i in range(numCourses) if in_degree[i] == 0)
    order = []
    while queue:
        node = queue.popleft()
        order.append(node)
        for nxt in graph[node]:
            in_degree[nxt] -= 1
            if in_degree[nxt] == 0:
                queue.append(nxt)
    
    return order if len(order) == numCourses else []

print(findOrder(4, [[1,0],[2,0],[3,1],[3,2]]))

from collections import deque, defaultdict

def min_rounds(n, edges):
    graph = defaultdict(list)
    in_degree = [0] * n
    for u, v in edges:
        graph[u].append(v)
        in_degree[v] += 1
    
    queue = deque(i for i in range(n) if in_degree[i] == 0)
    rounds = 0
    while queue:
        rounds += 1
        for _ in range(len(queue)):  # process current level
            node = queue.popleft()
            for nxt in graph[node]:
                in_degree[nxt] -= 1
                if in_degree[nxt] == 0:
                    queue.append(nxt)
    return rounds

print(min_rounds(4, [(0,2),(1,2),(2,3)]))  # 3

from collections import deque, defaultdict

def longest_path_dag(V, edges):
    graph = defaultdict(list)
    in_degree = [0] * V
    for u, v, w in edges:
        graph[u].append((v, w))
        in_degree[v] += 1
    queue = deque(i for i in range(V) if in_degree[i] == 0)
    dp = [0] * V
    while queue:
        u = queue.popleft()
        for v, w in graph[u]:
            dp[v] = max(dp[v], dp[u] + w)
            in_degree[v] -= 1
            if in_degree[v] == 0: queue.append(v)
    return max(dp)

print(longest_path_dag(4, [(0,1,3),(0,2,2),(1,3,4),(2,3,1)]))  # 7