त्रुटि रैपिंग और अनरैपिंग

package main
import ("fmt"; "errors")

type Layer struct{ msg string; err error }
func (l *Layer) Error() string { return l.msg }
func (l *Layer) Unwrap() error { return l.err }

func main() {
    root := errors.New("root")
    mid  := &Layer{"mid", root}
    top  := &Layer{"top", mid}

    fmt.Println(errors.Unwrap(top))  // mid
    fmt.Println(errors.Unwrap(mid))  // root
    fmt.Println(errors.Unwrap(root)) // <nil>
}

package main
import ("fmt"; "errors")

var ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")

func findItem(id int) error {
    return fmt.Errorf("findItem(%d): %w",
        id, fmt.Errorf("repo: %w", ErrNotFound))
}

func main() {
    err := findItem(7)
    fmt.Println(errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound)) // true — deep in chain
    fmt.Println(err)                         // full message chain
}

package main
import ("fmt"; "errors")

type StatusError struct{ Code int }
func (e *StatusError) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("status %d", e.Code) }

func doRequest() error {
    return fmt.Errorf("request: %w", &StatusError{503})
}

func main() {
    err := doRequest()
    var se *StatusError
    if errors.As(err, &se) {
        fmt.Println("status code:", se.Code) // 503
    }
}

package main
import ("fmt"; "errors")

type AppError struct {
    Op  string
    Err error
}
func (e *AppError) Error() string  { return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %v", e.Op, e.Err) }
func (e *AppError) Unwrap() error  { return e.Err }

var ErrAuth = errors.New("unauthorized")

func main() {
    err := &AppError{"login", ErrAuth}
    fmt.Println(errors.Is(err, ErrAuth)) // true
}

package main
import ("fmt"; "errors")

func main() {
    inner := errors.New("inner")

    withV := fmt.Errorf("outer: %v", inner) // string only, no wrap
    withW := fmt.Errorf("outer: %w", inner) // wraps inner

    fmt.Println(errors.Is(withV, inner)) // false — not wrapped
    fmt.Println(errors.Is(withW, inner)) // true  — wrapped
}

package main
import "fmt"

func dbQuery(sql string) error {
    return fmt.Errorf("db.Query(%q): connection refused", sql)
}

func getUserByID(id int) (string, error) {
    if err := dbQuery("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=?"); err != nil {
        return "", fmt.Errorf("getUserByID(%d): %w", id, err)
    }
    return "Alice", nil
}

func handler() error {
    _, err := getUserByID(1)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("handler: %w", err)
    }
    return nil
}

func main() { fmt.Println(handler()) }

package main
import ("fmt"; "errors")

var ErrA = errors.New("err A")
var ErrB = errors.New("err B")

func main() {
    joined := errors.Join(ErrA, ErrB)
    fmt.Println(joined)
    fmt.Println(errors.Is(joined, ErrA)) // true
    fmt.Println(errors.Is(joined, ErrB)) // true
}