Python cryptography लाइब्रेरी का अवलोकन

from cryptography.fernet import Fernet

# Generate a URL-safe base64-encoded 32-byte key
key = Fernet.generate_key()
f = Fernet(key)

token = f.encrypt(b"my secret data")
print("Encrypted:", token[:40], "...")

plain = f.decrypt(token)
print("Decrypted:", plain)

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend

digest = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256(), backend=default_backend())
digest.update(b"Hello, ")
digest.update(b"world!")
result = digest.finalize()
print("SHA-256:", result.hex())

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hmac, hashes
import os

key = os.urandom(32)
h = hmac.HMAC(key, hashes.SHA256())
h.update(b"authenticated message")
signature = h.finalize()
print("HMAC-SHA256:", signature.hex())

# Verify
h2 = hmac.HMAC(key, hashes.SHA256())
h2.update(b"authenticated message")
h2.verify(signature)  # raises if invalid

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization

private_key = rsa.generate_private_key(public_exponent=65537, key_size=2048)
pem = private_key.private_bytes(
    encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM,
    format=serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
    encryption_algorithm=serialization.BestAvailableEncryption(b"passphrase")
)
print(pem[:60])

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import load_pem_private_key

with open("private_key.pem", "rb") as f:
    pem_data = f.read()

key = load_pem_private_key(pem_data, password=b"passphrase")
print("Key loaded, size:", key.key_size, "bits")

from cryptography import x509
import datetime

with open("cert.pem", "rb") as f:
    cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(f.read())

print("Subject:", cert.subject)
print("Issuer:", cert.issuer)
print("Not valid after:", cert.not_valid_after_utc)
print("Serial:", cert.serial_number)

import os, secrets

# Cryptographically secure 32-byte key
key = os.urandom(32)
print("Random key:", key.hex())

# secrets module: URL-safe token
token = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
print("URL-safe token:", token)