Equality और hashing (value बनाम reference)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public sealed class Point // no overrides
{
  public int X;
  public int Y;
  public Point(int x, int y){ X = x; Y = y; }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    Point a = new Point(1, 2);
    Point b = new Point(1, 2);

    Console.WriteLine("a == b ? " + (a == b)); // reference equality: False
    Console.WriteLine("a.Equals(b) ? " + a.Equals(b)); // False

    HashSet<Point> set = new HashSet<Point>();
    set.Add(a);
    Console.WriteLine("Contains b? " + set.Contains(b)); // False (unexpected)
  }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public sealed class ValuePoint : IEquatable<ValuePoint>
{
  public int X;
  public int Y;
  public ValuePoint(int x, int y){ X = x; Y = y; }

  public bool Equals(ValuePoint other)
  {
    if (ReferenceEquals(other, null)) return false;
    if (ReferenceEquals(this, other)) return true;
    return X == other.X && Y == other.Y;
  }

  public override bool Equals(object obj)
  {
    return Equals(obj as ValuePoint);
  }

  public override int GetHashCode()
  {
    // Simple, stable combination (avoid randomness)
    unchecked
    {
      int hash = 17;
      hash = hash * 31 + X.GetHashCode();
      hash = hash * 31 + Y.GetHashCode();
      return hash;
    }
  }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    ValuePoint a = new ValuePoint(1, 2);
    ValuePoint b = new ValuePoint(1, 2);

    Console.WriteLine("a.Equals(b)? " + a.Equals(b)); // True

    HashSet<ValuePoint> set = new HashSet<ValuePoint>();
    set.Add(a);
    Console.WriteLine("Contains b? " + set.Contains(b)); // True (value semantics)
  }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public sealed class Person // imagine from a library; cannot edit
{
  public string Name;
  public int BirthYear;
  public Person(string name, int year){ Name = name; BirthYear = year; }
}

public sealed class PersonComparer : IEqualityComparer<Person>
{
  public bool Equals(Person a, Person b)
  {
    if (ReferenceEquals(a, b)) return true;
    if (ReferenceEquals(a, null) || ReferenceEquals(b, null)) return false;
    return a.Name == b.Name && a.BirthYear == b.BirthYear;
  }

  public int GetHashCode(Person p)
  {
    if (ReferenceEquals(p, null)) return 0;
    unchecked
    {
      int h = 23;
      h = h * 31 + (p.Name == null ? 0 : p.Name.GetHashCode());
      h = h * 31 + p.BirthYear.GetHashCode();
      return h;
    }
  }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    Person p1 = new Person("Ada", 1815);
    Person p2 = new Person("Ada", 1815);

    HashSet<Person> set = new HashSet<Person>(new PersonComparer());
    set.Add(p1);
    Console.WriteLine("Contains p2? " + set.Contains(p2)); // True via comparer
  }
}

using System;

public struct PointS // struct: value type
{
  public int X;
  public int Y;
  public PointS(int x, int y){ X = x; Y = y; }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    PointS a = new PointS(1, 2);
    PointS b = new PointS(1, 2);
    Console.WriteLine("Struct equality: " + a.Equals(b)); // True by default (field-wise)
  }
}