Custom exceptions; error design

using System;

// Custom, specific to our domain
public sealed class ConfigNotFoundException : Exception
{
  public string Key { get; private set; }

  public ConfigNotFoundException(string key)
    : base("Config key not found: " + key)
  {
    Key = key;
  }

  public ConfigNotFoundException(string key, Exception inner)
    : base("Config key not found: " + key, inner)
  {
    Key = key;
  }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    try
    {
      throw new ConfigNotFoundException("ApiUrl");
    }
    catch (ConfigNotFoundException ex)
    {
      Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
    }
  }
}

using System;
using System.IO;

public sealed class ConfigNotFoundException : Exception
{
  public string Key { get; private set; }
  public ConfigNotFoundException(string key, Exception inner)
    : base("Config key not found: " + key, inner) { Key = key; }
}

public static class Config
{
  public static string Load(string path, string key)
  {
    try
    {
      string[] lines = File.ReadAllLines(path); // may throw
      for (int i = 0; i < lines.Length; i++)
      {
        int idx = lines[i].IndexOf("=");
        if (idx > 0 && lines[i].Substring(0, idx) == key)
          return lines[i].Substring(idx + 1);
      }
      throw new ConfigNotFoundException(key, null);
    }
    catch (IOException io)
    {
      // Wrap low-level error with domain meaning
      throw new ConfigNotFoundException(key, io);
    }
  }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    try
    {
      Console.WriteLine(Config.Load("missing.cfg", "ApiUrl"));
    }
    catch (ConfigNotFoundException ex)
    {
      Console.WriteLine("Top: " + ex.Message);
      if (ex.InnerException != null)
        Console.WriteLine("Inner: " + ex.InnerException.GetType().Name);
    }
  }
}

using System;

public static class MathUtil
{
  public static int Divide(int a, int b)
  {
    if (b == 0) throw new DivideByZeroException();
    return a / b;
  }

  public static int ParsePositive(string text)
  {
    if (text == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("text");
    int value = int.Parse(text); // may throw FormatException
    if (value <= 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("text", "must be > 0");
    return value;
  }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    try { Console.WriteLine(MathUtil.ParsePositive("-1")); }
    catch (ArgumentOutOfRangeException ex) { Console.WriteLine("Range: " + ex.ParamName); }
  }
}

using System;

public static class Parser
{
  // BAD: using exceptions for expected cases
  public static int ParseOrThrow(string s)
  {
    return int.Parse(s); // will throw often for user input
  }

  // GOOD: guard-check pattern for expected failure
  public static bool TryParsePositive(string s, out int value)
  {
    value = 0;
    int tmp;
    if (!int.TryParse(s, out tmp)) return false;
    if (tmp <= 0) return false;
    value = tmp;
    return true;
  }
}

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    int v;
    if (Parser.TryParsePositive("12", out v))
      Console.WriteLine("OK " + v);
    else
      Console.WriteLine("Invalid");
  }
}