अडैप्टर और DiffUtil

class PostAdapter : ListAdapter<Post, PostAdapter.ViewHolder>(PostDiffCallback()) {

    inner class ViewHolder(val binding: ItemPostBinding) : RecyclerView.ViewHolder(binding.root)

    override fun onCreateViewHolder(parent: ViewGroup, viewType: Int): ViewHolder {
        val binding = ItemPostBinding.inflate(LayoutInflater.from(parent.context), parent, false)
        return ViewHolder(binding)
    }

    override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: ViewHolder, position: Int) {
        val post = getItem(position)   // use getItem(), not a manual list
        holder.binding.tvTitle.text = post.title
        holder.binding.tvLikes.text = "${post.likes} likes"
    }
}

// In Activity or Fragment:
val adapter = PostAdapter()
binding.recyclerView.adapter = adapter

// Observe ViewModel LiveData:
viewModel.posts.observe(viewLifecycleOwner) { posts ->
    adapter.submitList(posts)   // diff calculated off main thread
}

// Important: always submit a NEW list, not a mutated old one
// WRONG:  currentList.add(newPost); adapter.submitList(currentList)
// RIGHT:  adapter.submitList(currentList + newPost)

class PostAdapter(
    private val onLike: (Post) -> Unit,
    private val onOpen: (Post) -> Unit
) : ListAdapter<Post, PostAdapter.ViewHolder>(PostDiffCallback()) {

    override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: ViewHolder, position: Int) {
        val post = getItem(position)
        holder.binding.tvTitle.text = post.title
        holder.binding.btnLike.setOnClickListener { onLike(post) }
        holder.itemView.setOnClickListener { onOpen(post) }
    }
}

// Usage:
val adapter = PostAdapter(
    onLike = { viewModel.likePost(it) },
    onOpen = { navigateToDetail(it.id) }
)

class PostDiffCallback : DiffUtil.ItemCallback<Post>() {
    override fun areItemsTheSame(oldItem: Post, newItem: Post) = oldItem.id == newItem.id
    override fun areContentsTheSame(oldItem: Post, newItem: Post) = oldItem == newItem

    override fun getChangePayload(oldItem: Post, newItem: Post): Any? {
        // Return non-null payload to trigger partial bind
        return if (oldItem.likes != newItem.likes) "likes_changed" else null
    }
}

// In Adapter.onBindViewHolder with payloads:
override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: ViewHolder, position: Int, payloads: List<Any>) {
    if (payloads.contains("likes_changed")) {
        holder.binding.tvLikes.text = "${getItem(position).likes} likes"
    } else {
        super.onBindViewHolder(holder, position, payloads)
    }
}

class FeedAdapter : ListAdapter<FeedItem, RecyclerView.ViewHolder>(FeedDiffCallback()) {

    companion object {
        const val TYPE_POST = 0
        const val TYPE_AD   = 1
    }

    override fun getItemViewType(position: Int): Int {
        return when (getItem(position)) {
            is FeedItem.Post -> TYPE_POST
            is FeedItem.Ad   -> TYPE_AD
        }
    }

    override fun onCreateViewHolder(parent: ViewGroup, viewType: Int) = when (viewType) {
        TYPE_POST -> PostViewHolder(ItemPostBinding.inflate(LayoutInflater.from(parent.context), parent, false))
        else      -> AdViewHolder(ItemAdBinding.inflate(LayoutInflater.from(parent.context), parent, false))
    }
}

// Separate adapters for different sections
val headerAdapter = HeaderAdapter()
val postAdapter   = PostAdapter()
val loaderAdapter = LoadingAdapter()

// Combine them in order
binding.recyclerView.adapter = ConcatAdapter(headerAdapter, postAdapter, loaderAdapter)

// Update each independently
postAdapter.submitList(posts)
loaderAdapter.showLoading(true)

class CustomAdapter : RecyclerView.Adapter<CustomAdapter.ViewHolder>() {

    private val differ = AsyncListDiffer(this, PostDiffCallback())

    fun submitList(list: List<Post>) = differ.submitList(list)
    fun getItem(position: Int): Post = differ.currentList[position]

    override fun getItemCount() = differ.currentList.size
}