Grundlagen von ARC: strong / weak / unowned

final class Person {
    let name: String
    init(_ name: String) { self.name = name; print("init:", name) }
    deinit { print("deinit:", name) }
}

var p: Person? = Person("Ada")
p = nil  // ARC count -> 0, triggers deinit

final class A {
    var b: B?
    deinit { print("A deinit") }
}
final class B {
    var a: A?
    deinit { print("B deinit") }
}

var a: A? = A()
var b: B? = B()
a?.b = b      // strong
b?.a = a      // strong

a = nil       // no deinit (cycle)
b = nil       // still no deinit (leak)

final class A2 {
    weak var b: B2?   // weak breaks the strong cycle
    deinit { print("A2 deinit") }
}
final class B2 {
    var a: A2?
    deinit { print("B2 deinit") }
}

var a2: A2? = A2()
var b2: B2? = B2()
a2?.b = b2   // weak
b2?.a = a2   // strong

a2 = nil     // A2 deinit runs
b2 = nil     // B2 deinit runs

final class Customer {
    let name: String
    var card: CreditCard?
    init(_ name: String) { self.name = name }
    deinit { print("Customer deinit") }
}
final class CreditCard {
    unowned let owner: Customer   // never optional; owner must outlive card
    init(owner: Customer) { self.owner = owner }
    deinit { print("CreditCard deinit") }
}

var cust: Customer? = Customer("Lars")
cust!.card = CreditCard(owner: cust!)
cust = nil  // deallocates both (no cycle)