نوع never والحالات المستحيلة

// You cannot create a value of type never
function crash(): never {
  throw new Error('boom');
}
try { crash(); } catch (e) { console.log('caught'); }

function fail(message: string): never {
  throw new Error(message);
}
try { fail('invalid'); } catch (e) { console.log('handled'); }

function listen(): never {
  while (true) {
    // forever
    break; // (break added so the demo terminates)
  }
  throw new Error('stopped');
}
console.log('listen has return type never');

function logIt(): void {
  console.log('done'); // returns normally
}
function abort(): never {
  throw new Error('stop'); // never returns
}
logIt();
try { abort(); } catch (e) { console.log('ok'); }

type Shape = 'circle' | 'square';

function area(s: Shape): string {
  switch (s) {
    case 'circle': return 'pi r^2';
    case 'square': return 'a^2';
    default:
      const _check: never = s; // ok: all handled
      return _check;
  }
}
console.log(area('square'));

type Shape = 'circle' | 'square' | 'triangle';
// If 'triangle' case is missing, assigning s to never
// would error: 'triangle' is not assignable to never.
console.log('Add a case for every member');

function check(x: string | number): void {
  if (typeof x === 'string') {
    console.log('string');
  } else if (typeof x === 'number') {
    console.log('number');
  } else {
    // x is never here
    console.log('unreachable');
  }
}
check('hi');

function getOrThrow(v: string | null): string {
  return v ?? fail();
}
function fail(): never {
  throw new Error('missing');
}
console.log(getOrThrow('value'));

type Keep<T> = T extends string ? T : never;
type R = Keep<'a' | 1 | 'b'>; // 'a' | 'b'
const x: R = 'a';
console.log(x);

type State =
  | { status: 'loading'; data?: never }
  | { status: 'ready'; data: number };

const s: State = { status: 'ready', data: 7 };
console.log(s);

type Cmd = 'start' | 'stop';
function run(c: Cmd): string {
  if (c === 'start') return 'starting';
  if (c === 'stop') return 'stopping';
  const _x: never = c;
  return _x;
}
console.log(run('start'));

function assertNever(x: never): never {
  throw new Error('Unexpected: ' + String(x));
}
console.log('assertNever guards exhaustiveness');